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How to Use the Chroma Key/Green Screen on Sony Vegas Pro: 6 Steps
For the anode, high-transparency indium tin oxide ITO was a typical choice to emit as much light as possible. The downside of bottom emission structure is that the light has to travel through the pixel drive circuits such as the thin film transistor TFT substrate, and the area from which light can be extracted is limited and the light emission efficiency is reduced.
An alternative configuration is to switch the mode of emission. A reflective anode, and a transparent or more often semi-transparent cathode are used so that the light emits from the cathode side, and this configuration is called top-emission OLED TE-OLED. Unlike BEOLEDs where the anode is made of transparent conductive ITO, this time the cathode needs to be transparent, and the ITO material is not an ideal choice for the cathode because of a damage issue due to the sputtering process.
Thus, the light generated can be extracted more efficiently. When light waves meet while traveling along the same medium, wave interference occurs. This interference can be constructive or destructive. It is sometimes desirable for several waves of the same frequency to sum up into a wave with higher amplitudes. In addition to the two-beam interference, there exists a multi-resonance interference between two electrodes. This two-beam interference and the Fabry-Perot interferences are the main factors in determining the output spectral intensity of OLED.
This optical effect is called the "micro-cavity effect. In the case of OLED, that means the cavity in a TEOLED could be especially designed to enhance the light output intensity and color purity with a narrow band of wavelengths, without consuming more power. In TEOLEDs, the microcavity effect commonly occurs, and when and how to restrain or make use of this effect is indispensable for device design.
To match the conditions of constructive interference, different layer thicknesses are applied according to the resonance wavelength of that specific color. This technology greatly improves the light-emission efficiency of OLEDs, and are able to achieve a wider color gamut due to high color purity. This method eliminated the need to deposit three different organic emissive materials so only one kind of OLED material is used to produce white light.
It also eliminated the uneven degradation rate of blue pixels vs. Disadvantages of this method are low color purity and contrast. Also, the filters absorb most of the light waves emitted, requiring the background white light to be relatively strong to compensate for the drop in brightness, and thus the power consumption for such displays can be higher.
Color filters can also be implemented into bottom- and top-emission OLEDs. By adding the corresponding RGB color filters after the semi-transparent cathode, even purer wavelengths of light can be obtained. The use of a microcavity in top-emission OLEDs with color filters also contributes to an increase in the contrast ratio by reducing the reflection of incident ambient light. While this was provided to prevent the reflection of ambient light, it also reduced the light output.
By replacing this polarizing layer with color filters, the light intensity is not affected, and essentially all ambient reflected light can be cut, allowing a better contrast on the display panel. This potentially reduced the need for brighter pixels, and can lower the power consumption. Transparent OLEDs use transparent or semi-transparent contacts on both sides of the device to create displays that can be made to be both top and bottom emitting transparent.
TOLEDs can greatly improve contrast, making it much easier to view displays in bright sunlight. Graded heterojunction OLEDs gradually decrease the ratio of electron holes to electron transporting chemicals. Stacked OLEDs use a pixel architecture that stacks the red, green, and blue subpixels on top of one another instead of next to one another, leading to substantial increase in gamut and color depth, [81] and greatly reducing pixel gap.
The most commonly used patterning method for organic light-emitting displays is shadow masking during film deposition, [84] also called the "RGB side-by-side" method or "RGB pixelation" method. Metal sheets with multiple apertures made of low thermal expansion material, such as nickel alloy, are placed between the heated evaporation source and substrate, so that the organic or inorganic material from the evaporation source is deposited only to the desired location on the substrate.
Almost all small OLED displays for smartphones have been manufactured using this method. Fine metal masks FMMs made by photochemical machining , reminiscent of old CRT shadow masks , are used in this process.
The dot density of the mask will determine the pixel density of the finished display. An oxygen meter ensures that no oxygen enters the chamber as it could damage through oxidation the electroluminescent material, which is in powder form. The mask is aligned with the mother substrate before every use, and it is placed just below the substrate. The substrate and mask assembly are placed at the top of the deposition chamber. High pixel densities are necessary for virtual reality headsets.
Although the shadow-mask patterning method is a mature technology used from the first OLED manufacturing, it causes many issues like dark spot formation due to mask-substrate contact or misalignment of the pattern due to the deformation of shadow mask. Such defect formation can be regarded as trivial when the display size is small, however it causes serious issues when a large display is manufactured, which brings significant production yield loss.
To circumvent such issues, white emission devices with 4-sub-pixel color filters white, red, green and blue have been used for large televisions.
This is done by using an emission spectrum with high human-eye sensitivity, special color filters with a low spectrum overlap, and performance tuning with color statistics into consideration. There are other types of emerging patterning technologies to increase the manufacturabiltiy of OLEDs. Patternable organic light-emitting devices use a light or heat activated electroactive layer. Using this process, light-emitting devices with arbitrary patterns can be prepared. Colour patterning can be accomplished by means of a laser, such as a radiation-induced sublimation transfer RIST.
Organic vapour jet printing OVJP uses an inert carrier gas, such as argon or nitrogen , to transport evaporated organic molecules as in organic vapour phase deposition. The gas is expelled through a micrometre -sized nozzle or nozzle array close to the substrate as it is being translated.
This allows printing arbitrary multilayer patterns without the use of solvents. Like ink jet material deposition , inkjet etching IJE deposits precise amounts of solvent onto a substrate designed to selectively dissolve the substrate material and induce a structure or pattern. Inkjet etching of polymer layers in OLED's can be used to increase the overall out-coupling efficiency.
This trapped light is wave-guided along the interior of the device until it reaches an edge where it is dissipated by either absorption or emission. IJE solvents are commonly organic instead of water-based due to their non-acidic nature and ability to effectively dissolve materials at temperatures under the boiling point of water.
It takes advantage of standard metal deposition, photolithography , and etching to create alignment marks commonly on glass or other device substrates. Thin polymer adhesive layers are applied to enhance resistance to particles and surface defects. Microscale ICs are transfer-printed onto the adhesive surface and then baked to fully cure adhesive layers.
An additional photosensitive polymer layer is applied to the substrate to account for the topography caused by the printed ICs, reintroducing a flat surface. Photolithography and etching removes some polymer layers to uncover conductive pads on the ICs.
Afterwards, the anode layer is applied to the device backplane to form the bottom electrode. OLED layers are applied to the anode layer with conventional vapor deposition , and covered with a conductive metal electrode layer.
Experimental OLED displays using conventional photolithography techniques instead of FMMs have been demonstrated, allowing for large substrate sizes as it eliminates the need for a mask that needs to be as large as the substrate and good yield control. For a high resolution display like a TV, a thin-film transistor TFT backplane is necessary to drive the pixels correctly.
The biggest technical problem for OLEDs is the limited lifetime of the organic materials. This is lower than the typical lifetime of LCD, LED or PDP technology; each rated for about 25,—40, hours to half brightness, depending on manufacturer and model. One major challenge for OLED displays is the formation of dark spots due to the ingress of oxygen and moisture, which degrades the organic material over time whether or not the display is powered.
Degradation occurs because of the accumulation [] of nonradiative recombination centers and luminescence quenchers in the emissive zone. It is said that the chemical breakdown in the semiconductors occurs in four steps:. However, some manufacturers' displays aim to increase the lifespan of OLED displays, pushing their expected life past that of LCD displays by improving light outcoupling, thus achieving the same brightness at a lower drive current.
When exposed to moisture or oxygen, the electroluminescent materials in OLEDs degrade as they oxidize, generating black spots and reducing or shrinking the area that emits light, reducing light output. This reduction can occur in a pixel by pixel basis. This can also lead to delamination of the electrode layer, eventually leading to complete panel failure. Degradation occurs three orders of magnitude faster when exposed to moisture than when exposed to oxygen.
Encapsulation can be performed by applying an epoxy adhesive with dessicant, [] by laminating a glass sheet with epoxy glue and dessicant [] followed by vacuum degassing, or by using Thin-Film Encapsulation TFE , which is a multi-layer coating of alternating organic and inorganic layers. The organic layers are applied using inkjet printing, and the inorganic layers are applied using Atomic Layer Deposition ALD.
The encapsulation process is carried out under a nitrogen environment, using UV-curable LOCA glue and the electroluminescent and electrode material deposition processes are carried out under a high vacuum. The encapsulation and material deposition processes are carried out by a single machine, after the Thin-film transistors have been applied.
The transistors are applied in a process that is the same for LCDs. The electroluminescent materials can also be applied using inkjet printing. The OLED material used to produce blue light degrades much more rapidly than the materials used to produce other colors; in other words, blue light output will decrease relative to the other colors of light.
This variation in the differential color output will change the color balance of the display, and is much more noticeable than a uniform decrease in overall luminance. More commonly, though, manufacturers optimize the size of the R, G and B subpixels to reduce the current density through the subpixel in order to equalize lifetime at full luminance.
Considerable research has been invested in developing blue OLEDs with high external quantum efficiency , as well as a deeper blue color. Water can instantly damage the organic materials of the displays. Therefore, improved sealing processes are important for practical manufacturing. Water damage especially may limit the longevity of more flexible displays.
As an emissive display technology, OLEDs rely completely upon converting electricity to light, unlike most LCDs which are to some extent reflective. However, with the proper application of a circular polarizer and antireflective coatings , the diffuse reflectance can be reduced to less than 0.
With 10, fc incident illumination typical test condition for simulating outdoor illumination , that yields an approximate photopic contrast of The alternative way to decrease brightness would be to decrease the constant power to the OLEDs, which would result in no screen flicker, but a noticeable change in colour balance, getting worse as brightness decreases. Almost all OLED manufacturers rely on material deposition equipment that is only made by a handful of companies, [] the most notable one being Canon Tokki , a unit of Canon Inc.
Canon Tokki is reported to have a near-monopoly of the giant OLED-manufacturing vacuum machines, notable for their metre ft size. OLED technology is used in commercial applications such as displays for mobile phones and portable digital media players , car radios and digital cameras among others, as well as lighting. Portable displays are also used intermittently, so the lower lifespan of organic displays is less of an issue.
Prototypes have been made of flexible and rollable displays which use OLEDs' unique characteristics. Applications in flexible signs and lighting are also being developed. DuPont also states that OLED TVs made with this less expensive technology can last up to 15 years if left on for a normal eight-hour day. Flexible OLED displays have been used by manufacturers to create curved displays such as the Galaxy S7 Edge but they were not in devices that can be flexed by the users.
On 31 October , Royole , a Chinese electronics company, unveiled the world's first foldable screen phone featuring a flexible OLED display. The s also saw the wide adoption of tracking gate-line in pixel TGP , which moves the driving circuitry from the borders of the display to in between the display's pixels, allowing for narrow bezels. Textiles incorporating OLEDs are an innovation in the fashion world and pose for a way to integrate lighting to bring inert objects to a whole new level of fashion.
The hope is to combine the comfort and low cost properties of textile with the OLEDs properties of illumination and low energy consumption. Although this scenario of illuminated clothing is highly plausible, challenges are still a road block.
Some issues include: the lifetime of the OLED, rigidness of flexible foil substrates, and the lack of research in making more fabric like photonic textiles. The number of automakers using OLEDs is still rare and limited to the high-end of the market. In addition, the company adopted active matrix-based technology for its low power consumption and high-resolution qualities. In May , Samsung unveiled an ultra-thin The drive circuit was formed by low-temperature polysilicon TFTs. Also, low-molecular organic EL materials were employed.
Samsung introduced the Galaxy Round smartphone in the Korean market in October The device features a p screen, measuring 5. The corporation has promoted the following advantages: A new feature called "Round Interaction" that allows users to look at information by tilting the handset on a flat surface with the screen off, and the feel of one continuous transition when the user switches between home screens.
In May , Sony publicly unveiled a video of a 2. In July , a Japanese government body said it would fund a joint project of leading firms, which is to develop a key technology to produce large, energy-saving organic displays. The project involves one laboratory and 10 companies including Sony Corp. In October , Sony published results of research it carried out with the Max Planck Institute over the possibility of mass-market bending displays, which could replace rigid LCDs and plasma screens.
Eventually, bendable, see-through displays could be stacked to produce 3D images with much greater contrast ratios and viewing angles than existing products. Sony exhibited a On 17 February , Sony announced its 25" Then, at CES , they revealed the A8H, which was effectively a A9G in terms of picture quality but with some compromises due to its lower cost. Lumiotec is the first company in the world developing and selling, since January , mass-produced OLED lighting panels with such brightness and long lifetime.
This was a 2. The video mic flag allowed video content and advertising to be shown on a broadcasters standard mic flag. As the end of March rolled around, the monitor was not released to the market and Dell did not speak on reasons for the delay. Reports suggested that Dell canceled the monitor as the company was unhappy with the image quality of the OLED panel, especially the amount of color drift that it displayed when you viewed the monitor from the sides.
In addition to the price drop, the monitor featured a 60 Hz refresh rate and a contrast ratio of 1,, As of June, , the monitor is no longer available to purchase from Dell's website. Announced in the summer of , it was released on 8 October The search for efficient OLED materials has been extensively supported by simulation methods; [] it is possible to calculate important properties computationally, independent of experimental input, [] [] making materials development cheaper.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Diode that emits light from an organic compound. See also: Flexible organic light-emitting diode. Main article: Phosphorescent organic light-emitting diode.
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Sony released Vegas Pro 13 on 11 April It brings new collaboration tools and streamlined workflows to professional content producers faced with a wide variety of multimedia production tasks. This is the final Vegas Pro release under Sony's ownership. The last Sony Vegas Pro 13 build was MAGIX released a rebranded version build It features advanced 4K upscaling as well as various bug fixes, a higher video velocity limit, RED camera support and various other features, this was the last version of Vegas Pro to have the light theme set by default.
Released on 28 August , Vegas Pro 15 features major UI changes which claimed to bring usability improvements and customization. It was the first version of VEGAS Pro to have a dark theme, it also allows more efficient editing speeds, including adding new shortcuts to speed up editing.
Released on 5 August It contains these new features: [17]. Released on 3 August New Features: [18]. Major broadcasters have utilized the software, including Nightline with Ted Koppel.
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December Learn how and when to remove this template message. This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. July Listed in Script FAQ's. Vegas Creative Software. Retrieved 28 August Archived from the original on 15 February Retrieved 7 May Sonic Foundry. Archived from the original on 7 January Retrieved 20 June Archived from the original on 19 June Archived from the original on 15 December Streaming Media Magazine.
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Archived from the original on 5 February ISSN Archived from the original on 7 July With industry veterans like George Murphy and his [Nightline] team using Sony Vegas 5 for international broadcasting, there is clearly a change in the winds of the editing world. Digital Media Online. Archived from the original on 5 November Book Douglas Spotted Eagle Vegas Pro 8 Editing Workshop.
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